deber
must, to have to, to owe
Debes estudiar más.
You must study more.
deber present indicative
Habitual and ongoing actions in the present.
deber present continuous
Action in progress right now. Periphrastic: estar (present) + gerund.
deber preterite
Completed actions at a specific moment in the past.
deber imperfect
Habitual past actions, descriptions, background.
deber present perfect
Completed actions with present relevance. Auxiliary haber + participle.
deber future
Actions yet to happen.
deber informal future
Near-future plans. Periphrastic: ir (present) + a + infinitive.
deber future perfect
Action that will have been completed by a future moment. Auxiliary haber (future) + participle.
deber conditional
Hypothetical or polite would-actions.
deber conditional perfect
Hypothetical past: would have done. Auxiliary haber (conditional) + participle.
deber pluperfect
An action completed before another past action.
deber subjunctive present
Desires, doubts, and hypotheticals in the present.
deber subjunctive imperfect
Past subjunctive: desires, doubts, hypotheticals in the past.
deber subjunctive present perfect
Completed actions in subjunctive contexts.
deber subjunctive pluperfect
Past-perfect actions in subjunctive contexts.
deber imperative (affirmative)
Affirmative commands.
deber imperative (negative)
Negative commands: borrows subjunctive present.